Druzes and Christians grouped in political, rather than religious, parties; the party lines in Lebanon obliterated ethnic and religious lines and the people grouped themselves into one or the other of these two parties regardless of their religious affiliations. [184] While for Ibn Abidin, whose work Radd al-Muhtar 'ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar is still considered the authoritative text of Hanafi fiqh today,[185] the Druze are neither Muslims nor apostates. Israel is the biggest hoax in history. [142][143][200][201][202] Within Islam, however, such a concept of theophany is a denial of monotheism. [175][176], Since Druze either emerged from Islam and share certain beliefs with Islam, its position of whether it is a separate religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial among Muslim scholars. [101] Following the recommendations of the powers, the Ottoman Porte granted Lebanon local autonomy, guaranteed by the powers, under a Christian governor. [122] In 2010, the population of Israeli Druze citizens grew to over 125,000. Why would there be any testing of "Palestinians" there is no ethnic nor nationality as such. This, in turn, was used to predict the fortunes of the annual harvest, the taxes to be imposed (which determined the revenues of the state), as well as the prices of foodstuffs. [139] Druze in different states can have radically different lifestyles. Druze MK Ayoub Kara (Likud) says members of the Druze communities believe in many of the same things that Jews do. At Ancient Origins we believe that one of... Read More. While the Shaykh al-ʻAql, which is an official position in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, is elected by the local community and serves as the head of the Druze religious council, judges from the Druze religious courts are usually elected for this position. In 2012, due to drift towards Salafism in Al-Azhar,and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood into leadership, the dean of the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Al-Azhar issued a fatwa strongly opposed to the 1959 fatwa. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between Maronites and Druze, who fought a bloody war in 1983–1984, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal[118] and was a cornerstone for the Cedar Revolution in 2005. [26][27], The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of the Druze faith. Druze philosophy also shows Sufi influences. DRUZE.The title Druze (Arab.Durz ī; pl. A Seventeenth Century Druze Historian ... apprehension that some of the ‘secrets’ of the Faith might inadvertently be revealed. Each major prophet had seven minor prophets, and each minor prophet had twelve disciples. The latter title has since been usurped by the Hawran region, which since the middle of the 19th century has proven a haven of refuge to Druze emigrants from Lebanon and has become the headquarters of Druze power. The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the Wadi al-Taym in Southern Lebanon, which is named after an Arab tribe Taymour-Allah (formerly Taymour-Allat) which, according to Islamic historian al-Tabari, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of the Euphrates where they had been Christianized prior to their migration into the Lebanon. Until now, Israel never had to doubt the loyalty of the Carmel Druze. Their partly mongolic roots have given to many right wing extremists the erroneous argument that all Jews have such roots-they do not! [20] Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of the Druze, who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet. The relationship between the Druze and Christians has been characterized by harmony and coexistence,[95][96][97][98] with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. His increasingly chauvinistic notions of Arab nationalism were predicated on the denial that "minorities" existed in Syria. The holy places and shrines of the Druze are scattered in various villages, in places where they are protected and cared for. [citation needed] The Druzes of Wadi al-Taym and Ḥawran, under the leadership of Shibli al-Aryan, distinguished themselves in their stubborn resistance at their inaccessible headquarters, al-Laja, lying southeast of Damascus. Share in Facebook. Who Were the Ancient People that Built the Remarkable Megalithic Tombs of Malaga? Dionyssus' theater at the foott of Acropolis still has the marble seat of honor-first row-for their religious leader. Nevertheless, your article about the Druze people does offer new and intriguing data about their origins and travels.The Syrian coast and its adjacent lands do witness a continuous movement of human settlers as eventually it became the largest olive and olive oil producer in the eastern Mediterranean-a precious commodity used as lamp oil , in order to make medicines and as food for Kings , Emperors and their Courts of the times...Druze people originating from mountainous areas chose again to settle up on the mountains-there is always a very basic ethnological divider-sea people and not. [191] On the other hand scholars argue that Druze recite the Shahada as manifestation of taqiya; a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution, and that regards the Druze as part of the Muslim World (Beside the Shia Muslims and Alawites) by Al Azhar University was for political reasons,[192] as Gamal Abdel Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire Arab world. Unlike the Mu'tazila, however, and similar to some branches of Sufism, the Druze believe in the concept of Tajalli (meaning "theophany"). Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the general Syrian and Lebanese populations, as well as a variety of Jewish groups (Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Iraqi, and Moroccan) (Behar et al. Druze are not considered Muslims by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought. A secret order, the Druzes. Thus, they are not trustworthy and should not be forgiven. [citation needed], Al-Hakim was replaced by his underage son, ʻAlī al-Zahir. Druze Secrets Revealed And Hannah Montana Reveals Her Secret ENJOY WITH GREAT DEALS AND LOW PRICES PRODUCTS HERE. In 1945, Amir Hasan al-Atrash, the paramount political leader of the Jebel al-Druze, led the Druze military units in a successful revolt against the French, making the Jebel al-Druze the first and only region in Syria to liberate itself from French rule without British assistance. From their fortresses in the Gharb area (now in Aley District of southern Mount Lebanon Governorate), the Tanukhs led their incursions into the Phoenician coast and finally succeeded in holding Beirut and the marine plain against the Franks. Each ḥadd is color-coded in the following manner: The mind generates qualia and gives consciousness. The Druze religion differs from classic forms of other monotheistic faiths in several key ways. The main Druze doctrine states that God is both transcendent and immanent, in which he is above all attributes, but at the same time, he is present. It is difficult to know as you cannot join and the religion — if that’s what it is — is secret. [231] While compared to other Israeli Christians and Muslims, Druze place less emphasis on Arab identity and self-identify more as Israeli. A 2020 study on remains from Canaanaite (Bronze Age southern Levantine) populations suggests a significant degree of genetic continuity in currently Arabic-speaking Levantine populations (including the Druze, Lebanese, Palestinians, and Syrians) as well as in most Jewish groups (including Sephardi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and Maghrebi Jews) from the populations of the Bronze Age Levant, suggesting that the aforementioned groups all derive more than half of their overall ancestry (atDNA) from Canaanite/Bronze Age Levantine populations,[245][246] albeit with varying sources and degrees of admixture from differing host or invading populations depending on each group. (Fakhr ad Din's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of his life as a court official in Constantinople.) The Pact of Time Custodian (Mithāq Walī al-zamān) is considered the entrance to the Druze religion, and they believe that all Druze in their past lives have signed this Charter, and Druze believe that this Charter embodies with human souls after death. Acquiescence in God's acts no matter what they be. The new study could reshape history, since it openly challenges the “out of Africa theory.”. The cohesiveness and frequent inter-community social interaction however makes it in sort that that most Druzes have an idea about their broad ethical requirements and have some sense of what their theology consists of (albeit often flawed). The leading "Atrash" family also can trace its background to the Kurdish tribe, the Hartush/Atrush, found in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey today. [57][59], Large communities of Druze also live outside the Middle East, in Australia, Canada, Europe, Latin America (mainly Venezuela,[60] Colombia and Brazil[dubious – discuss]), the United States, and West Africa. [124][125] The Druze are part of the religious/ethnic/cultural mosaic that makes the Middle East a fascinating and dangerous place. [133], The Druze also use a similar formula, called al-'ahd, when one is initiated into the ʻUqqāl. He hath urged you to declare your belief openly. Before becoming public, the movement was secretive and held closed meetings in what was known as Sessions of Wisdom. Islamic schools and branches allows Muslim men to to be married to multiple women and divorce, contrary to the views of the Druze of monogamous marriage and not allowing divorce. In fact Masons featured so prominently in drafting the American Declaration of Independence that many people believed it a thoroughly ‘Masonic project’. [40] Scholars argue that Druze recite the Shahada in order to protect their religion and their own safety, and to avoid persecution by Muslims. The goal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. There are seven duties that all Druze are required to observe: recognition of al-Hakim and strict adherence to monotheism; negation of all non-Druze tenets; rejection of Satan and unbelief; acceptance of God’s acts; submission to God for good or ill; truthfulness; and mutual solidarity and help between fellow Druze. [219][220] The Deir el Qamar Synagogue was built in 1638, during the Ottoman era in Lebanon, to serve the local Jewish population, some of whom were part of the immediate entourage of Fakhr-al-Din II. It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others",[181] which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as apostates. [89], Consequently, the 16th and 17th centuries were to witness a succession of armed Druze rebellions against the Ottomans, countered by repeated Ottoman punitive expeditions against the Chouf, in which the Druze population of the area was severely depleted and many villages destroyed. [234] Figures in the Hebrew Bible such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history. Jaffa, or Yafo in Hebrew, is a city port and southern suburb of Tel Aviv, located on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Man, by his very nature, is a being who seeks knowledge. Until now. [52], For the next seven years, the Druze faced extreme persecution by the new caliph, al-Zahir, who wanted to eradicate the faith. Most of them live in Syria and Lebanon.Some have emigrated to the United States and Canada.. The battle was fought between two Druze factions: the Yemeni and the Kaysi. Archaeological assessments of the Druze region have also proposed the possibility of Druze descending from Itureans,[237] who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and Golan Heights in late classic antiquity, but their traces fade in the Middle Ages. The Maronite-Druze conflict in 1840–60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite Christian independence movement,[citation needed] directed against the Druze, Druze feudalism, and the Ottoman-Turks. The Druzes do not recognize any religious hierarchy. In God, there are no attributes distinct from his essence. In terms of religious comparison, Islamic schools and branches do not believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul, contrary to the beliefs of the Druze. The rest of the Syrians will eventually become Christians albeit mostly of heretic and not Orthodox "main stream" versions and having close contact with Arabs they At the end of the 17th century (1697) the Shihabs succeeded the Ma'ans in the feudal leadership of Druze southern Lebanon, although they reportedly professed Sunni Islam, they showed sympathy with Druzism, the religion of the majority of their subjects. With subtle and disembodied images, maverick Druze photographer Amira Zayan depicts the status of women in a strict society – while still respecting its sensitivities. found that the Israeli Druze people of the Mount Carmel region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM- Haplogroup D, at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha, Beylerbey of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule. [83], In 1043, Bahāʼ al-Din declared that the sect would no longer accept new adherents, and since that time, proselytism has been prohibited. The name Druze is derived from the name of Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī (from Persian darzi, "seamster") who was an early preacher. [119] The second largest political party supported by Druze is the Lebanese Democratic Party led by Prince Talal Arslan, the son of Lebanese independence hero Emir Majid Arslan. In the Hebrew Bible Jethro was Moses' father-in-law, a Kenite shepherd and priest of Midian,[235] Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of Druze, who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet. Etruscans Transported Bees by Boat to Reach the Best Flowers! [113][114][115], The Qalb Loze massacre was a reported massacre of Syrian Druze on 10 June 2015 in the village of Qalb Loze in Syria's northwestern Idlib Governorate in which 20–24 Druze were killed. Get this from a library! [91], Following Mulhim's death, his sons Ahmad and Korkmaz entered into a power struggle with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. While the spiritual elements of their religion are highly guarded and known only to the elders, the known practices are made up of various religions which include Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. One small DNA study has shown that Israeli Druze are remarkable for the high frequency (35%) of males who carry the Y-chromosomal haplogroup L (though some Afshar village[dubious – discuss] and the Raqqa Syrians have even more), which is otherwise uncommon in the Mideast (Shen et al. On 25 July 2018, a group of ISIS-affiliated attackers entered the Druze city of As-Suwayda and initiated a series of gunfights and suicide bombings on its streets, killing at least 258 people, the vast majority of them civilians.[116]. Eventually they revolted in a macabre way when later were forced to abandon their distinct worldview and way of life and thus ended up being expelled to the four corners of the Roman empire (also Hellenized by then). [168] The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the Shia Fatimid Caliphate,[50][169] Mamluk,[86] Sunni Ottoman Empire,[170][93] and Egypt Eyalet. Ur in Mesopotamia were welcomed to stay with their malnutritioned herd. Golan Heights: J 54%, E 29%, I 8%, G 4%, C 4%. Through a clever policy of bribery and warfare, he extended his domains to cover all of modern Lebanon, some of Syria and northern Galilee. The Druze were no different. This attitude led to disputes between Ad-Darazi and Hamza ibn Ali, who disliked his behaviour. Members of the community have attained top positions in Israeli politics and public service. [67][68][page needed], Little information is known about the early life of al-Darazi. A portrait of Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ( Public Domain ). Deciphering Who They Are", "Calls for aid to Syria's Druze after al Qaeda kills 20", "Syria: ISIS Imposes 'Sharia' on Idlib's Druze", "Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America", "Localities and Population, by District, Sub-District, Religion and Population Group", "About the Faith of the Mo'wa'he'doon Druze by Moustafa F. Moukarim", "Shishakli and the Druzes: Integration and intransigence", "Localities(1) and Population, by Population Group, District, Sub-District and Natural Region", "Trump paves way for Israel to expand settlements in Golan", "Netanyahu Seeks to Name a Golan Heights Settlement for President Trump", "ISIS kidnaps dozens of women, girls in deadly Syria raids", "South American 'mate' tea a long-time Lebanese hit", Syria Druze back Sunnis' revolt with words but not arms, "Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers", "Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect", Eid al-Adha celebrated differently by Druze, Alawites, "Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers", The Druze and Assad: Strategic Bedfellows, "Internal Displacement Monitoring Center – Israel", "The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism", "Christian Arabs / Second in a series – Israel's Christian Arabs don't want to fight to fit in", "Druze Herev Battalion Fights 32 Days With No Casualties", Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli 2016 The, "Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens", "Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation", "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people", "Genetics Confirm Oral Traditions of Druze in Israel", "Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud", "Reconstructing Druze population history", "The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant", "DNA from the Bible's Canaanites lives on in modern Arabs and Jews". After the Shehab dynasty converted to Christianity, the Druze community and feudal leaders came under attack from the regime with the collaboration of the Catholic Church, and the Druze lost most of their political and feudal powers. He also declared that confiscation of Druze property and even the death sentence would conform to the laws of Islam. (See the book of Arthur Koestler “The Thirteenth Tribe”). According to Jewish contemporary literature, the Druze, who were visited and described in 1165 by Benjamin of Tudela, were pictured as descendants of the Itureans,[236] an Ismaelite Arab tribe, which used to reside in the northern parts of the Golan plateau through Hellenistic and Roman periods. Even more painful for the Druze community was his publication of "falsified Druze religious texts" and false testimonials ascribed to leading Druze sheikhs designed to stir up sectarian hatred. They soon made an alliance with the Ma'ans and were acknowledged as the Druze chiefs in Wadi al-Taym. The Shihab leadership continued until the middle of the 19th century and culminated in the illustrious governorship of Amir Bashir Shihab II (1788–1840) who, after Fakhr-al-Din, was the most powerful feudal lord Lebanon produced. [104], Although most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim, Al Azhar of Egypt recognized them in 1959 as one of the Islamic sects in the Al-Azhar Shia Fatwa due to a political reasons, as Gamal Abdel Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire Arab world. We’re the only Pop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. These concepts superseded all ritual, law and dogma and requirements for pilgrimage, fasting, holy days, prayer, charity, devotion, creed and particular worship of any prophet or person was downplayed. [5] The Institute of Druze Studies estimates that 40%–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30%–40% in Lebanon, 6%–7% in Israel, and 1%–2% in Jordan. The relationship between the Druze and Jews has been controversial,[215] Anti-Jewish (antisemitic) bias material is contained in the Druze literature such as the Epistles of Wisdom; for example in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, Baha al-Din al-Muqtana,[216] probably written sometime between AD 1027 and AD 1042, accused Jews of killing the sacred prophets. Be ye certain that the Prince of Believers hath given unto you free will, and hath spared you the trouble of disguising and concealing your true beliefs, so that when ye work ye may keep your deeds pure for God. Around 15% of Druze choose this path. Druze Woman Takes on a Male-dominated Society, Through a Lens Darkly . 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