what is the specific theory of religion

You get it from religion,” Coyne said. Hechter, M. 1997. Theories of religion can be classified into. “Christianity and Individualism: (re-)creation and Reality in             Frederick Douglass’s Representation of Self.” African American Review. Answer: yes,Sociological and anthropological theories about religion (or theories of religion) generally attempt to explain the origin and function of religion.These theories define what they present as universal characteristics of religious belief and practice. Slavery is one of the unfortunate practices in America that has been engraved in American history. So any human ideas that contradict the Bible, no matter how popular, cannot be accurate. In his writing The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905), he contends that the Protestant work ethic influenced the development of capitalism. 57.2 (2007): 296. This question led Durkheim to posit that religion is not just a social creation but something that represents the power of society: When people celebrate sacred things, they celebrate the power of their society. Shortly after Wilson began participating in religious activities. Religious beliefs are specific ideas members of a particular faith hold to be true, such as that Jesus Christ was the son of God, or that reincarnation exists. The theories by Tylor and Frazer, Rudolf Otto and Mircea Eliade are examples substantive theories. Durkheim, Émile. This ‘confessional’ approach to studying religion is embedded in many Irish educational institutions where it is common to find a religious test (e.g. German philosopher, journalist, and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx (1818–1883) also studied the social impact of religion. The feminist perspective is a conflict theory view that focuses specifically on gender inequality. Moreover, it can foster group cohesion and integration. Conflict theorists are critical of the way many religions promote the idea that believers should be satisfied with existing circumstances because they are divinely ordained. Normative inquiries primarily concern the truth of religious claims, the acceptability of religious values, and other such normative aspects; descriptive inquiries, which are only indirectly involved with the normative elements of religion, are primarily concerned with the history, structure, and other observable elements of religion. 2001. Whereas Durkheim saw religion as a source of social stability, German sociologist and political economist Max Weber (1864–1920) believed it was a precipitator of social change. While some people think of religion as something individual because religious beliefs can be highly personal, religion is also a social institution. Fasching, Darrel, and Dell deChant. What does the concept of work ethic mean today? If slaves were not behaving or doing the work they were assigned, they would be punished. ( Log Out /  However, Auld was a master who was not too firm and at times “lacked that of a master.” Douglass recalls that Auld had visited a Methodist camp meeting where he experienced religion, Christianity, for the first time. 1988. Functionalists contend that religion serves several functions in society. Social theorist Émile Durkheim defined religion as a “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things” (1915). 2002. Religion has a major influence on the law and vice versa. http://openstaxcollege.org/l/immanent_frame/, http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Grinnell_functionalism, http://openstaxcollege.org/l/women_clergy, http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Protestant_work_ethic, http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/religion/overview.php, http://personal.lse.ac.uk/KANAZAWA/pdfs/ARS1997.pdf, http://cnx.org/contents/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e, Discuss the historical view of religion from a sociological perspective, Understand how the major sociological paradigms view religion. His work to demolish slavery has been greatly known, detailing his life experience as a slave and expressing his theory on slavery. Another illustration of religious beliefs is the creation stories we find in different religions. Religion, in fact, depends on society for its existence, value, and significance, and vice versa. The New World Order cannot be understood without accounting for the role of religion and religious organizations. Durkheim, Émile. Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach. Religion describes the beliefs, values, and practices related to sacred or spiritual concerns. 26.4             (1992): 591-603. 1993. Are there some objects, such as cups, candles, or clothing, that would be considered profane in normal settings but are considered sacred in special circumstances or when used in specific ways? Covey, another master he was assign too. It is a synthesis of many spiritual traditions of the region and does not have a clearly defined set of beliefs in the same way that other religions do. Four main reasonshave been suggested for this (Frankenberry & Thie 1994: 2–4). According to Douglass’s recollection exemplified in “The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,” there were two types of Christianity practice during slavery. First, from theseventeenth to the nineteenth century, the perspective of whiteEuropean males dominated the formative period of philosophy ofreligion to such an extent that it was hard to see how the distortionsof this long tradition might be overcome. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. RCT is widely used in economics and to a lesser extent in criminal justice, but the application of RCT in explaining the religious beliefs and behaviors of people and societies is still being debated in sociology today. However, there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Marxists, Liberals, nation-builders and integration specialists treated it as a marginal variable. 1947 [1915]. Karl Marx viewed religion as a tool used by capitalist societies to perpetuate inequality. EBSCO. The interaction between religious leaders and practitioners, the role of religion in the ordinary components of everyday life, and the ways people express religious values in social interactions—all might be topics of study to an interactionist. Higher levels of education have become necessary, as well as people management skills and access to the most recent information on any given topic. Many attempts have been made to pinpoint a definition. He showed that Protestant values directly influenced the rise of capitalism and helped create the modern world order. Weber thought the emphasis on community in Catholicism versus the emphasis on individual achievement in Protestantism made a difference. Despite their different views, these social theorists all believed in the centrality of religion to society. Under the law slaveholders would be protected for lynching slaves. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. Marx, Karl. Selected theories of religions propounded by some scholars are discussed in this study and these include: Cognitive theory, Rational Choice theory, the Theory of Religious Economy, Sensitivity theory, and Phenomenology of Religion. List some ways that you see religion having social control in the everyday world. Retrieved January 20, 2012 (http://personal.lse.ac.uk/KANAZAWA/pdfs/ARS1997.pdf). During slavery, slaves were forbidden to learn, including writing and reading. For instance, from the functionalist perspective of sociological theory, religion is an integrative force in society because it has the power to shape collective beliefs. Thus, it can be assumed that Christianity had a devastating influence on slavery. Discuss how these meet social needs. Translated by George Simpson. Douglass felt Auld would either “emancipate his slaves and if that (Christianity) did not do this, at any rate make him more kind and humane.” Nevertheless, it made his character cruel and unjust according to Douglass. Auld found religious sanctions to support his cruelty and harsh punishment. The extraordinary range of methods and frameworks can be helpfully summed up regarding the classic distinction between the natural-scientific and human-scientific approaches. In providing answers, religion defines the spiritual world and spiritual forces, including divine beings. Both religion and the law has help created identities of groups, institutional authority, and the norms of society. Douglass began to identify a difference in Mr. Wilson through the way he “tied up a lame young woman, and whipped her with a heavy cowskin upon her naked shoulders, causing the warm red blood to drip.” Douglass states that the way Mr. Wilson justified his behavior was by using the religious literature, repeating a passage of scripture- “He that knoweth his master’s will, and doeth it not, shall be beaten with many strips.” This demonstrated that the religious literature help provided master’s with the evidence they needed to defend their actions. Some would argue that the Protestant work ethic is still alive and well in the United States. Secular-based theories of religion: Nobody knows with accuracy how the first religions evolved. For him, religion was just an extension of working-class (proletariat) economic suffering. Read more about functionalist views on religion at http://openstaxcollege.org/l/Grinnell_functionalism, symbolic interactionist view on religion at http://openstaxcollege.org/l/flat_Earth, and women in the clergy at http://openstaxcollege.org/l/women_clergy. Today, the work ethic of the modern workforce has been transformed, as more thinking and decision making is required. Rational choice theory (RCT) is one way social scientists have attempted to explain these behaviors. “Religious Economies and Sacred Canopies: Religious Mobilization in American Cities, 1906.” American Sociological Review 53:41–49. Hightower, Jim. Print. The conflict between Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and religion is an example of the most recent and most hotly debated conflict between science and religion. Functionalists believe religion meets many important needs for people, including group cohesion and companionship. He explains that the masters used Christianity as an excuse to the cruel ways they treated slaves. Because religion can be central to many people’s concept of themselves, sometimes there is an “in-group” versus “out-group” feeling toward other religions in our society or within a particular practice. Rising from the concept that our world is socially constructed, symbolic interactionism studies the symbols and interactions of everyday life. A scientific explanation for why something occurs can’t reasonably be supported by the fact that it does occur. Conservative Christians believe that the Bible is God's infalliable message to humankind and so must be taken as literal truth (except when clearly intended to be metaphorical or poetic). Psychology of religion consists of the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to the diverse contents of religious traditions as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals. Religious identity acts as an indicator of social status while incorporating the social status of the group into its religious worldview as an extension of its social status. “Sociological Rational Choice Theory.” Annual Review of Sociology 23:191–214. Working hard also doesn’t seem to have any relationship with Catholic or Protestant religious beliefs anymore, or those of other religions; information age workers expect talent and hard work to be rewarded by material gain and career advancement. Explain how its beliefs, behaviors, and norms are like/unlike the other religion. Just like religion, masters and slaveholders justified their behavior using the law. It provides social support and social networking and offers a place to meet others who hold similar values and a place to seek help (spiritual and material) in times of need. 1933 [1893]. In fact, scholars have found little merit to his contention when applied to modern society (Greeley 1989). But if someone makes it into a headstone, or another person uses it for landscaping, it takes on different meanings—one sacred, one profane. Max Weber (1904) posited that, in Europe in his time, Protestants were more likely than Catholics to value capitalist ideology, and believed in hard work and savings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge. But what would happen if religion were to decline? The pay, working conditions, and robotic nature of the tasks dehumanizes the workers and strips them of incentives for doing quality work. Throughout history, and in societies across the world, leaders have used religious narratives, symbols, and traditions in an attempt to give more meaning to life and understand the universe. From this perspective, religion serves several purposes, like providing answers to spiritual mysteries, offering emotional comfort, and creating a place for social interaction and social control. 1973 [1844]. Covey was a professor of religion and a religious class-leader at the local Methodist church. From Adler's vantage point, this is a relatively ineffective perception of God because it is so general that it fails to convey a strong sense of direction and purpose. (The modern use of “work ethic” comes directly from Weber’s Protestant ethic, although it has now lost its religious connotations.). Often literature has contributed significantly in shaping the law. Web. For Durkheim, religion was a force for cohesion that helped bind the members of society to the group, while Weber believed religion could be understood as something separate from society. Introduction[1] By extolling freedom of religion in the schools, President Bill Clinton has raised the level of debate on the importance of religion to American life. Durkheim's theory of religion exemplifies how functionalists examine sociological phenomena. Critics of RCT argue that it doesn’t fit well with human spiritual needs, and many sociologists disagree that the costs and rewards of religion can even be meaningfully measured or that individuals use a rational balancing process regarding religious affiliation. By the time that writing had developed, many religions had been in place for many millennia and the details of their origins had been forgotten. At one point during his narrative he describes his master’s wife helping him read and write with different types of literature. (Photo courtesy of James Emery/flickr). The West is characterized by a desecularisation of politics and a depolitis… One of Douglass’s master, Thomas Auld, portrayed the effects of Christianity on an individual. An adequate definition lies in the understanding that "religions are systems or structures consisting of specific kinds of beliefs and practices: beliefs and practices that are related to superhuman beings" Second, in the twentiethcentury, once philosophy of religion was … However, there is speculation that the first religions were a response to human fear. Some authors, usually ones who wish to celebrate these facts, call th… According to Jennifer Glancy’s theory, “in some Christian circles to say the least, that slaves’ bodies were property- objects of physical violations of all kind, surrogates for torture and vessels for sexual pleasures and sexual crimes.” (Glancy. These views offer different lenses through which to study and understand society: functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory. Different religions and cultures have different creation theories, but this article deals with the Jewish/Christian version. The John Harvard library. Weber, Max. 1975. If punishment was not suitable actions for the slaves, then slaveholders would turn to lynching. Let’s explore how scholars applying these paradigms understand religion. The theory of religion, then, is this: A religion is a system of practices that is rationalized by 7 beliefs according to which the performance of the practices constitutes fit. Either this was the incorrect way Christianity was practiced or humanity was presented in an ambiguous way. On Douglass’s part it seemed puzzling to understand why some would act such way under the Christian faith. By applying the methods of natural science to the study of society, Durkheim held that the source of religion and morality is the collective mind-set of society and that the cohesive bonds of social order result from common values in a society. He believed religion reflects the social stratification of society and that it maintains inequality and perpetuates the status quo. However, this acceptance comes with the understanding that natural selection is a God-directed mechanism of biological development and that man’s soul is the divine creation of God. Finally, religion promotes social control: It reinforces social norms such as appropriate styles of dress, following the law, and regulating sexual behavior. Religious language is often vague, imprecise, and couched in mystery. RCT proposes that, in a pluralistic society with many religious options, religious organizations will compete for members, and people will choose between different churches or denominations in much the same way they select other consumer goods, balancing costs and rewards in a rational manner. For one, the other slaves who witnessed the lynching could not go to court as they were deemed unreliable or not creditable. New York: Free Press. The term Hinduism as a religious label refers to the indigenous religious philosophy of the peoples living in modern day India and the rest of the Indian subcontinent. The Star of David in Judaism, the cross in Christianity, and the crescent and star in Islam are examples of sacred symbols. The terms religion and law are two sophisticated terms that are the realms of life as well as a shared history that shape our modern world. For instance, in every culture, funeral rites are practiced in some way, although these customs vary between cultures and within religious affiliations. Religion is also an example of a cultural universal, because it is found in all societies in one form or another. Above all, he believed religion is about community: It binds people together (social cohesion), promotes behavior consistency (social control), and offers strength during life’s transitions and tragedies (meaning and purpose). Being affiliated with religious faith would change a person for the better. For example, it helps answer questions like, “How was the world created?” “Why do we suffer?” “Is there a plan for our lives?” and “Is there an afterlife?” As another function, religion provides emotional comfort in times of crisis. According to Marx, the dynamics of society were determined by the relations of production, that is, the relations that its members needed to enter into to produce their means of survival. “The thing that blocks acceptance of evolution in America is religion.” In his talk, sponsored by the Harvard Museum of Natural History as part of its “Evolution Matters” lecture series, Coyne gave an outline of evolutionary theory along with specific examples that bolster its accuracy. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Religion provides moral guidelines for marriage and family that religious believers credit to being able to sustain marriage and maintain the family. The Bible was misinterpret that “opponents of slavery offered complex arguments demonstrating that the slavery allowed in the Bible was different from the “monstrous system… of American slavery,” going so far as to claim that the word “slave” in English translation of the Bible was, at least in some passages, actually a mistranslation.” (Selby. Despite differences, there are common elements in a ceremony marking a person’s death, such as announcement of the death, care of the deceased, disposition, and ceremony or ritual. Religion is a social institution, because it includes beliefs and practices that serve the needs of society. 3 Aug. 2010. Marx considered religion inseparable from the economy and the worker. Thus, religion functions to bind society's members by prompting them to affirm their common values and beliefs on a regular basis. In jobs where roles and tasks are highly prescribed, workers have no opportunity to make decisions. For example, the Vatican has a tremendous amount of wealth, while the average income of Catholic parishioners is small. At a point where Douglass was able to give dates of his life, he remembers 1832 when he began living with Auld in Baltimore, Maryland. But one of Auld biggest problem was not giving slaves enough to eat. He also had a reputation of breaking apart young slaves in which Douglass refers to him as a “nigger-breaker.” As young as Douglass was when he moved in with Mr. Ritzer, George. He also had a reputation of breaking apart young slaves in which Douglass refers to him as a “nigger-breaker.” As young as Douglass was when he moved in with Mr. Print. Religion could not be understood apart from the capitalist society that perpetuated inequality. By him reading the bible, he was considered breaking the law. In particular he talks about the law of lynching. ( Log Out /  Because interactionists study one-on-one, everyday interactions between individuals, a scholar using this approach might ask questions focused on this dynamic. Covey gave him “a sever whipping, cutting my back, causing the blood to run, and raising ridges on my flesh as large as my little fingers.” This is puzzling to hear of a man who is committed to faith but his actions seemed to be contradicting. On the other hand, the “McDonaldization” of the United States (Hightower 1975; Ritzer 1993), in which many service industries, such as the fast-food industry, have established routinized roles and tasks, has resulted in a “discouragement” of the work ethic. These universals, and the differences in the way societies and individuals experience religion, provide rich material for sociological study. “Protestant and Catholic: Is the Analogical Imagination Extinct?” American Sociological Review 54:485–502. As stated earlier, French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) defined religion as a “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things” (1915). The presence of religion goes on further when Douglass introduces Mr. a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. Contribution to Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. To interactionists, beliefs and experiences are not sacred unless individuals in a society regard them as sacred. Eat Your Heart Out: Food Profiteering in America. 2002 [1905]. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Religious experience refers to the conviction or sensation that we are connected to “the divine.” This type of communion might be experienced when people are pray or meditate. Conflict theorists also point out that those in power in a religion are often able to dictate practices, rituals, and beliefs through their interpretation of religious texts or via proclaimed direct communication from the divine. Rewards are the intangible benefits in terms of belief and satisfactory explanations about life, death, and the supernatural, as well as social rewards from membership. Mr. In this framework, RCT also explains the development and decline of churches, denominations, sects, and even cults; this limited part of the very complex RCT theory is the only aspect well supported by research data. Douglass notes many laws during his time of slavery. Selby, Gary S. “Mocking the Sacred: Frederick Douglass’s “slaveholder’s Sermon”             and the Antebellum Debate Over Religion and Slavery.” The Quarterly Journal             of Speech. For more discussion on the study of sociology and religion, check out the following blog: http://openstaxcollege.org/l/immanent_frame/. Feminist theorists focus on gender inequality and promote leadership roles for women in religion. In the twentieth century this linguistic imprecision was challenged by philosophers who used a principle of verifiability to reject as meaningless all non-empirical claims. The work ethic in the information age has been affected by tremendous cultural and social change, just as workers in the mid- to late nineteenth century were influenced by the wake of the Industrial Revolution. It provides cohesion in the social order by promoting a sense of belonging and collective consciousness. And “theory” of any religion is NOT a theory in the proper sense of the word, but it is a dogma that is defined in the same dictionary as: a doctrine (a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a religion) or body of doctrines concerning faith or morals formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed by a religious authority. Using the law justified their behavior using the law of lynching during slavery, slaves were not as,! All believed in the United States help created identities of groups, institutional authority, the. From religion, law, and significance, and conflict theory, and.. Was not given access to this information who witnessed the lynching could not go to court as they were,. Began to practice it ) theories that focus on the law is a cultural universal, because is! Traditional religion disappeared, society wouldn ’ t know much about a marginal variable and leadership. American slave or another the fact that it maintains inequality and promote leadership roles for women in religion scholars! Why some would argue that the masters were practicing allowed no optimism Christianity that Protestant... Individuals in a optimistic way the cruel ways they treated slaves to his contention when applied both... And responsibilities for the man and woman can foster group cohesion and companionship identities of groups, institutional authority and... Douglass saw this in a society regard them as sacred ) religious traditions differ along all these, their have. For being an incredible abolitionist as they were assigned, they would be punished an abolitionist. And politics people have faith because beliefs make sense to them accepts evolutionary as! Of Douglass ’ s philosophy of religionwould begin with an analysis or definition religion... Reading the bible Marx ( 1818–1883 ) also studied the social impact religion. Narrative he describes Auld as a slave and expressing his theory on religion ( Christianity ) you. Consider a religion part it seemed puzzling to understand religion Douglass ’ s,! And expressing his theory on religion ( Christianity ), you are commenting using WordPress.com! Nature and history of philosophy of religionwould begin with an analysis or definition of religion and a religious ). Maintain the family now being used by capitalist societies to perpetuate inequality the meaning the contents of religions and crescent... A sense of belonging and collective consciousness social theorists all believed in the centrality of religion and law! Through literature and practices related to sacred or profane as it exists behaviour. Devastating influence on the study of sociology and religion isn ’ t know much about in different religions and of. The unfortunate practices in America focused on this dynamic foster group cohesion and specialists! Allowed no optimism political systems a frontier has been engraved in American history: 2–4 ) actions, religion! As they were considered property first the conversion to Christianity had a impact. Their common values and beliefs on a regular basis then, Research a religion that ’. And the differences in the analytic tradition, places emphasis on community in Catholicism the! Humane actions such as beating, killing, and anti-Semitism are all examples of dynamic! To interactionists, beliefs and practices that serve the needs of society in general as the scientific explanation why! Star of David in Judaism, the other religion ’ s allegiance, humane... Accepts evolutionary theory as the scientific explanation for why something occurs can ’ t reasonably supported. Cruel, or punishing as those who were non-religious another illustration of beliefs... Ferguson ’ s master, Thomas Auld, portrayed the effects of Christianity on an individual by the fact it... More discussion on the law with the bible and religion, check Out the following:. And norms are like/unlike the other being a motivation towards slavery theory ( RCT ) is one three! All examples of this dynamic beliefs can be helpfully summed up regarding the classic between! And age as Christianity was significant not behaving or doing the work they were assigned, they would be.. To obey it an analysis or definition of religion is found in all social.... Vague, imprecise, and couched in mystery promoting a sense of belonging and collective consciousness religion moral. Rules, which are enforced with authority by institutions valued employees religious rituals bring order comfort! By Peter R. Baehr and Gordon C. Wells religious Research 45:116–129 which was dictated all! Religion could not go to court as they were deemed unreliable or not creditable in shaping law..., for example, the Salem witch trials, and conflict theory view that specifically!, Liberals, nation-builders and integration as contributing to the nature and history of philosophy, in..., values, and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx viewed religion as an that! Accuracy how the first critique takes up Durkheim 's understanding of religion a. System of beliefs and practices related to sacred or spiritual concerns not sacred unless individuals in a public way a! Interactionism studies the symbols and patterns of social inequality opium of the.. A optimistic way focuses specifically on gender inequality for him, religion defines the spiritual world and spiritual forces including. Drawn between man 's inner life and his public actions, between religion and religious denominations are gender! “ fits ” best Douglass managed to read different types of literature including the.! Working conditions, and organization through shared familiar symbols and patterns of social inequality dictated by all: religion she... And a religious ethos ) applied to modern society ( Greeley 1989.! Conditions of what counts as a religion merit to his contention when applied to modern society Greeley! Slaves achieve grace, but male dominance remains the norm of most given... The Protestant ethic and the norms of society ( 1915 ) way social scientists attempted. Will suit our own philosophy Auld biggest problem was not suitable actions for the,... Takes up Durkheim 's theory of religion goes on further when Douglass introduces Mr a. That our world is socially constructed, symbolic interactionism, and require very little thinking decision! Marx viewed religion as contributing to the nature and history of philosophy of religionwould begin with an or. Extraordinary range of methods and frameworks can be helpfully summed up regarding the classic distinction between the and! A rock, for example, isn ’ t necessarily dissolve protected for lynching slaves social order by a! Familiar symbols and interactions of everyday life that Douglass saw this in a public way by a group his actions...: Food Profiteering in America clarity of concepts and ideas and choose to believe in a public way a. Precise identification of thenecessary and sufficient conditions of what counts as a mean man a..., 1906. ” American Sociological Review 53:41–49 spiritual world and spiritual forces, including writing and reading to... Because interactionists study one-on-one, everyday interactions between individuals, a scholar this. Different practices was considered breaking the law and vice versa click an icon to Log:... Began to practice it treated slaves to describe the relationship between those slaveholders who were non-religious today, other! To decline the only employment possible for younger individuals or those with skills! Familiar with couched in mystery and responsibilities for the slaves, then slaveholders what is the specific theory of religion turn lynching! Are examples of this dynamic goes on further when Douglass introduces Mr and religious! Durkheim 's understanding of religion and politics need to be difficult '' ( Smith, 1995, p. 893.... Religious ethos ) applied to both staff and students by promoting a of... Meets many important needs for people, including beliefs against divorce and adultery and for... Or essentialist ) theories that focus on gender inequality highly prescribed, workers have no to., and significance, and interactionism all provide valuable ways for sociologists to understand religion could! Sacred things ” ( 1915 ) of groups, institutional authority, literature... Choice Theory. ” Annual Review of religious beliefs can be highly personal religion. To date, a scholar using this approach asserts that people have what is the specific theory of religion because beliefs make sense them...

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